A Critical Study on Performance of Diesel Engine using mixture of Diesel and Bio-Diesel as a Working Fuel and Influence of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle Additive - A Review
Harish Kumar Patel1, Saurabh Kumar2
1ME Scholar, Thermal Engineering, Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, C.G., India
2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, C.G., India
*Corresponding Author Email: patelharish1492@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Petroleum products such as petrol and diesels are being used as a fuel to the running of Internal Combustion Engines. Day by day number of automobiles is increasing because of urbanization and hence demands for the petroleum products also; as a result its rate of consumption is increasing from year to year. If the trend will continue the whole world may suffer from shortage of petroleum products. Therefore it is necessary to find new alternative fuels by those the same IC engine could work. As we know so far alternative fuel based engines are giving lower efficiency as compared to conventional petroleum based fuel so to reduce the fuel consumption and at the same time to improve the performance of IC engine; it is necessary to find out some additives to mix it with the mixture of petroleum product and alternative fuel and one can formulate a new fuel.
Bio-origin fuels have been found as a possible alternative energy source to fulfill the above demand in automobile sector. Using biodiesel as a fuel results in less pollution to environment according to different researches, but it is unable to give same brake power or thermal efficiency what we get with pure petroleum products. So the focus of study is given to examine the improvement of the performance of CI engine using diesel and bio-diesel by adding nano-aluminum oxide (n-Al2O3) as an additive. Nano-Al2O3 have better combustion characteristics and enhanced surface area to volume ratio which results in better oxidation of the fuel mixture and hence enhances the combustion efficiency of the test fuel.
KEYWORDS: Petroleum products, Diesel engine, diesel, bio-diesel, nano-aluminum oxide (n-Al2O3), brake thermal efficiency.
INTRODUCTION:
The Automobile sector is one where no one alternative source of energy is there till now that can help to produce same amount of mechanical energy produced by petroleum product and therefore number of researches are going on now a days to find the alternative of the petroleum products. Bio-origin fuels have been found as a possible alternative energy source to fulfill the above demand in automobile sector. Using biodiesel as a fuel results in less pollution to environment according to different researches, but it is unable to give same brake power or thermal efficiency what we get with pure petroleum products because of increase in knocking. Experimental analysis of fuel mixed with metal oxide revealed increased catalytic behavior since it causes better oxidation of hydrocarbons and against NOx formation acts as an oxygen buffer.
However use of biodiesel help us for lesser environment pollution but it increases knocking and results lower brake power and brake thermal efficiency as compared to diesel engine running with pure diesel, Indian railway has already faced such type of problems. From above discussion it is found that n-Al2O3 may help to improve the performance of the diesel engine using biodiesel blended diesel as a fuel [1]. Hence the objective of the study is to accumulate thorough information about effects of biodiesel blend and influence of n-Al2O3 additive in the performance of CI engine i.e. effects of it in parameter like brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency etc.
Bio-diesel fuels can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste oils. There are three basic routes to biodiesel production from oils and fats:
· Base catalyzed trans-esterification of the oil.
· Direct acid catalyzed trans-esterification of the oil.
· Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel.
Almost all biodiesel is produced by base catalyzed trans-esterification since it is the most economical process requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing a 98% conversion yield. The trans-esterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol.Lubricating properties of bio-diesel are near to low sulfur diesel fuels and cetane ratings are also approximately equals to the low sulfur diesels. The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg which is 9 % lower than petroleum products. It varies for different feedstock used to process i.e. from which biodiesel has made. Still, these variations are less than for petrodiesel. It has been claimed lubricity of biodiesel is better than that of petroleum products and also complete combustion is more and hence it results in improved engine output which partially compensate petroleum product’s energy density. The color of biodiesel depends upon production method and its range is golden to dark brown. It is immiscible with water, its boiling point and vapour pressure are low. The flash point of biodiesel is more than that of petrodiesels, for biodiesels it is more than 130 °C.
Flash point of diesel increases with biodiesel blend concentration. In one of the experimental study it is found that, where flash point of pure diesel was 40.1°C, for B5 to B20, estimated flash point are approximately 48 ± 3 °C [2]. It is observed that there is a correlation between amounts of bio-diesel and flash point of the mixture.
Calorific value is the property of fuel which determines the heat input. Lower the calorific value lower will be the heat input and hence result will be reduced brake power output. Experiments reveal that with increase in amount of bio-diesel calorific value of the mixture decreases [3]. As it is well known density of bio-diesels is more compared to petrodiesels, with increase in amount of bio-diesel blend, density of the mixture also increases. An Experimental investigation revealed that B20 have closer performance to diesel [4].
According to one of the experimental study carried out with different concentration of bio-diesel blend, it is noticed that bio-diesel produces less smokes than diesel under similar operating conditions but there is increased brake specific fuel consumptions are found with increase in concentration of bio-diesel in the mixture of diesel and bio-diesel[5]. Mechanical efficiency for bio-diesel blends is lower than the pure diesel. Brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency increases with increases with increasing bio-diesel concentration. Emission of CO2 decreases with increasing bio-diesel concentration in the mixture.
The power output of biodiesel depends on its blend, quality, and load conditions under which the fuel is burnt. From B20 to B100 power output varies because different proportion of mixture posses different properties. Thermal efficiency of a fuel depends on fuel characteristics like specific heat, viscosity, density, flash point etc. As the quality of biodiesel or proportion of mixture varies thermal efficiency of the fuel will change. As per the studies among all these B20 gives closer result to pure diesel hence it is best to use with diesel engine.
The use of biodiesel in a diesel engine causes a noticeable decrease in the engine performance compared with the same system fuelled by diesel oil due to the differences in the molecular structure of these two fuels[5].
Modern diesel engine fuel systems were not designed to run with biodiesel, while many heavy duty engines are capable to run with biodiesel blends for example B20. Traditional direct injection fuel systems operate at roughly 20×103 kPa at the injector tip and the modern common rail fuel system operates upwards of 20×104 kPa at the injector tip. Diesel fuel is expected to burn efficiently and produces as few emissions as possible. As world is facing the problem of pollution and emission standards are being introduced to diesel engines leads to control harmful emissions. The common rail system allows for greater control over injection timing and atomization. The efficiency of modern diesel engines can be improved by greater control over atomization and injection timing. If the fuel specification or characteristic allows it to work only recommended injection timing, in this case engine will need to compromise with fuel integrity.
According to studies it is observed that during atomization biodiesel and its blends produced droplets with bigger in diameter than the droplets produced by petroleum diesel. Smaller droplets results in lower viscosity and surface tension of petroleum products. It was found that droplets at the periphery of the spray pattern were larger in diameter than the droplets at the center this was credited to the faster pressure drop at the edge of the spray pattern; there was a proportional relationship between the droplet size and the distance from the injector tip. Bigger size of droplets can decrease efficiency in combustion, increase in exhaust emissions and decrease brake power output of the engine.
The following studies were found for bio-diesels:
1. B100 has higher density because it has higher spry penetration.
2. Viscosity of bio-diesel is higher this results in short injection delay.
3. Higher viscosity and greater cetane rating of biodiesel as compared to petrodiesles results in poor atomization.
As per above discussion it can be concluded that with the use of bio-diesels, emissions from the diesel engine could be reduced and hence environmental pollution could be controlled but there is a drawback with it is that it reduces the performance of engine significantly.
Yetteret al. have critically examined and reported that nano size metallic powder posses high specific surface area and and potential to accumulate energy which helps to high reactivity. According to their article the ignition delay in CI engine can be reduced by adding nano catalyst to the diesel fuel and it also helps to reduce soot emission as per the article [6].
Al2O3is anelectrical insulatorbut it has a relatively highthermal conductivity(30 Wm−1K−1). It is insoluble in water and it’s most common form is corundum or α-aluminium oxide.
In one of the experiment it has found that, the performance of diesel engine using diesel as a fuel and n-Al2O3 as an additive improves brake thermal efficiency as compared to diesel engine working with pure diesel and reduces HC and NOx emissions [1].
Adding n-Al2O3 to the fuel results in increased density increased calorific value and also increased flash point of the fuel. It reduces the evaporation time of the fuel which results in reduction in the physical delay. So the fuel burns completely by utilizing combustion chamber effectively. This results in reduction in emissions and also improved engine performance.
Bio diesels are environment friendly alternative fuels hence use of biodiesels is one of the best technique which has great potential for reducing green house emissions but, as previously discussed it leads to reduction in performance of the diesel engine. Nano aluminum oxide (n-Al2O3) additive with diesel in the diesel engine improves its performance along with reduction in emissions. So, by the discussion it can be concluded that the performance of engine running with bio-diesel blended fuel could also be improved by adding n-Al2O3additive.
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Received on 04.01.2017 Accepted on 16.05.2017
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Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2017; 8(3): 295-298.
DOI: 10.5958/2321-581X.2017.00050.2